Effect of grazing on soil-water content in semiarid rangelands of southeast Idaho     

K.T. Weber  B.S. Gokhale 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(5):464-470

Although numerous factors influence soil-water content, it is considered a key indicator of rangeland health. This paper investigates the effect of grazing on soil-water content using three treatments within the same soil association. The treatments, simulated holistic planned grazing (SHPG), rest-rotation (RESTROT), and total rest (TREST) applied stocking rates of 36, 6, and 0 animal days/hectare respectively. Soil-water content was measured continuously from 2006 to 2008 using 36 capacitance sensors. Statistical analyses revealed differences in percent volumetric-water content (%VWC) and in all treatments, the SHPG pasture had the highest %VWC. Mixed procedures models indicate strong environmental and treatment effects as explanatory variables for the observed difference in %VWC. Although results of vegetation cover analyses indicated no difference in percent shrub cover in the two production pastures (SHPG and RESTROT), percent litter cover differed in the latter years of this study. It was concluded that in addition to a variety of other factors, management decisions (grazing and rest) can have substantial influence upon soil-water content and that soil-water content can vary substantially as a result of animal impact and the duration of grazing.  相似文献   

基于幂函数法则对放牧梯度上种群空间异质性的定量分析   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

乌云娜  张凤杰  盐见正卫  胡高娃 《中国沙漠》2011,30(3):689-696

 在呼伦贝尔草原的克氏针茅群落选择轻牧、中牧、重牧3个不同的放牧梯度,沿着50 m样线设置100个50 cm×50 cm的L型样方,每个L型样方内划分4个25 cm×25 cm的S型样方,以物种出现的频度（p）作为植被空间分布的观测指标,采用幂函数法则对放牧梯度上草原植物群落物种的空间异质性进行了定量研究。结果表明,在不同放牧强度下,种类结构发生明显改变,轻度放牧区羊草和星状刺骨藜、中度放牧区藜和糙隐子草、重度放牧区猪毛菜和多根葱具有高的出现频度,群落物种数随着放牧压力的增大而减小。整体来看,放牧梯度上物种的空间分布呈现明显的聚集分布,物种空间异质性（δi）随着放牧强度的增大而增加,拟合于幂函数规律曲线;群落的空间异质性（δc）随着轻牧-中牧-重牧放牧演替的进展呈现降低趋势,种群个体分布呈现片断化特征。在群落内部各个种群具有不同的异质化分布特点,物种结构主要表现出密集型种群和疏散型种群两大类型。这些趋势与种群的繁殖策略、生活史对策、群落的再生产策略等生理与生态特性密切相关。  相似文献   

Identification of rural land management signals in runoff response     

Neil McIntyre  Miles Marshall 《水文研究》2010,24(24):3521-3534

Rural land management signals in catchment‐scale runoff have proven difficult to identify in general. The Pontbren experimental catchment in upland Wales, UK, provides a new data set with which to address this challenge. This data set includes more than 4 years of data from six tipping bucket rainfall gauges and eight stream flow gauges representing different land management regimes at different scales. Data‐based mechanistic rainfall–runoff models were fitted to this data set using the CAPTAIN toolbox. The spatial and temporal variabilities of model parameters were identified and interpreted where possible. The analysis highlighted a dependency between the modelled residence time and the presence of agriculturally improved grassland, which produced a flashier response than grassland in a more natural condition. Another factor found to strongly affect the spatial variability of runoff response was the presence of lakes, while catchment area had a less pronounced effect, and the influence of trees, steepness and soil type could not be identified. Some time variability of response was observed but this was not consistent across the catchment and could not easily be interpreted. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effects of grazing and climate change on species diversity in sandy grassland, Inner Mongolia, China     

HaLin Zhao  oshiya Okuro  RuiLian Zhou  YuLin Li  XiaoAn Zuo  Gang Huang 《寒旱区科学》2009,1(1):0030-0038

To understand the effects of animal grazing activities and climate change on sandy grassland vegetation in northern China, a field grazing and protected enclosure experiment was conducted from 1992 through 2006 in Horqin Sand Land, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that (1) the grazing was primary responsible for changes of the vegetation richness and diversity in the grazing grassland and that changing climate was the main reason for changes in the species richness and diversity in the grassland protected from grazing; (2) light and moderate grazing can promote restoration of the richness and the diversity in the degraded grassland, and heavy grazing could result in a decrease of the richness and diversity; (3) heavy grazing can result in significant decrease of the perennial diversity, and moderate and light grazing promotes increase of the perennial diversity; the grazing, whether heavy or moderate and light grazing, was beneficial to increase of the annual diversity; (4) heavy grazing was not beneficial to diversity of Graminean and Chenopodiaceae, and moderate and light grazing was favorable the diversity of Compositae and Chenopodiaceae; (5) the warm-humid climate was favorable to increase of the richness and the diversity, and the warm-drought climate could result in decease of the richness and the diversity; (6) increased precipitation was favorable to perennial diversity and the diversity of Graminean, Leguminosae, and Compositae, and decreased precipitation had few effects on the annual diversity and Chenopodiaceae diversity.  相似文献   

福建中亚热带天然阔叶用材林择伐技术Ⅰ.基于树种特征的目标树种清单     

黄清麟  郑群瑞  戎建涛  卓鸣秀  官晓辉 《山地学报》2012,(2):180-185

依据树种的最大直径、干形、枝下高、生长快慢、木材价值、保护等级等6个重要特征指标,参照各指标的标准,筛选出福建中亚热带天然阔叶用材林目标树种,共计26科62属79种,其中针叶树种15种、阔叶树种64种,优质目标树种39种、良好目标树种29种、特殊目标树种11种。  相似文献   

微生境尺度上放牧退化草原群落特征与土壤有机质的空间分异性   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

乌云娜  雒文涛  霍光伟  吕建洲  李海山  胡高娃 《中国沙漠》2012,32(4):972-979

 格局和过程与异质性有关。以呼伦贝尔克氏针茅草原不同放牧强度下的演替群落为对象,开展群落植被空间分布格局及土壤有机质空间异质性研究。结果显示,不同放牧强度样地群落结构和群落种类组成存在明显差异。轻度放牧样地样方内有8种植物,群落优势种为克氏针茅（Stipa krylovii）;中度放牧样地样方内有12种植物,群落优势种为糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squyarrosa）;而重度放牧样地样方内只有7种植物,群落优势种为多根葱（Allium polyrhizum）。随放牧强度的增强,植被地上生物量及其变异系数逐渐降低;土壤有机质含量表现为轻度放牧>中度放牧>重度放牧,而其变异系数表现为中度放牧>轻度放牧>重度放牧。从植被地上生物量和土壤有机质含量变异函数分析来看,随放牧压力的增大,植被地上生物量空间自相关性增强,空间异质性变大;土壤有机质含量空间分布自相关性先增强,然后减弱,空间变异性先变大,然后变小。在10 cm×10 cm的微尺度上,重牧群落植被地上生物量和土壤有机质含量之间表现出明显的相关性（P<0.05）。  相似文献   

海洋中型浮游动物的选择性摄食对浮游植物群落的控制   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

王小冬  孙军  LIU Dong-yan  刘东艳  汪岷 《海洋科学进展》2005,23(4):524-535

海洋中型浮游动物的选择性摄食很大程度上影响着浮游植物种群的变化,控制着海洋初级生产力的节律、规模和归宿。从海洋中型浮游动物选择性摄食对有害藻华的控制、中型浮游动物的选择性摄食机制、中型浮游动物选择性摄食的研究方法和中型浮游动物的选择性摄食模型四个方面探讨了中型浮游动物选择性摄食对控制浮游植物种群演替的贡献,为进一步预测和控制有害藻华发生提供科学依据。  相似文献   

季节性放牧对黄河源区高寒草甸植被耗水量及水分利用效率的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

贺慧丹  杨永胜  祝景彬  李红琴  未亚西  李英年 《冰川冻土》2017,39(1):130-139

研究季节性放牧对植被耗水量、水分利用效率的影响,是探索如何提高高寒草甸水源涵养能力的重要内容之一。以青藏高原三江源高寒草甸季节性放牧样地与自然放牧样地为研究对象,分析了季节性放牧和自然放牧条件下高寒草甸植被耗水量、水分盈亏量、水分利用效率（WUE）的动态变化及其与环境因素的关系。结果表明：在植被生长季（5-9月）,季节性放牧样地和自然放牧样地植被耗水量在5月开始增加, 7月达最高,分别为160.94 mm和145.96 mm,季节性放牧样地植被总耗水量（395.52 mm）比自然放牧样地（348.14 mm）高13.61%。生长季平均来看,季节性放牧样地和自然放牧样地5-9月水分正盈余,分别为13.58 mm和70.96 mm,但在植物生长旺季（8月）略有亏缺。季节性放牧样地和自然放牧样地植被耗水量均与降水量呈弱的正相关关系。季节性放牧样地植被地上净初级生产量（ANPP）、地下净初级生产量（BNPP）和总的净初级生产量（NPP）比自然放牧样地分别高32.54 g·m^-2、5.96 g·m^-2、38.50 g·m^-2,季节性放牧样地ANPP的水分利用效率（WUE）比自然放牧样地高53.85%,而BNPP、NPP的WUE比自然放牧样地分别低13.06%和9.97%。这表明,季节性放牧可提高植被生产量和耗水量,但对高寒草甸WUE的影响因放牧方式不同导致地上、地下生物量分配格局不同而有所差异。  相似文献   

选择性滤波同位网格有限差分法在地震波数值模拟中的应用.          下载免费PDF全文

丘磊  田钢  王帮兵 《地震学报》2012,34(4):463-475

引入计算空气声学领域的选择性滤波同位网格有限差分算法（SFFD法）用于二维地震波数值模拟．SFFD法使用经过优化的11点DRP同位网格差分格式,对空间一阶导数进行离散近似,同时采用选择性滤波方法来消除同位网格差分所产生的格点高频振荡,它既提高了数值模拟的精度, 又保证了求解过程的稳定性．数值实验结果表明,SFFD法能够达到O(Delta;x8, Delta;t4)阶交错网格算法同样的精度,同时该方法还具有很强的适应性,能够应用于存在着强泊松比差异的介质模型中,完整地模拟地震波传播过程中各类型的波场,并且对复杂非均匀介质的适应能力也很好．此外,由于避免了交错网格算法在曲线坐标系和一般各向异性介质的数值模拟时所需进行的复杂的插值运算, SFFD法在这些问题上也有着很好的应用前景．   相似文献   

Distance,time and scale in soil erosion processes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. J. Kirkby 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2010,35(13):1621-1623

This commentary brings together, as a virtual Special Issue, a number of recent papers in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms that are all related to issues of scale in soil erosion. Empirical concepts that were developed in the 1940s are now in need of re‐thinking, and papers are increasingly exploring, through modelling and measurement, appropriate ways to recognize the mechanisms that connect processes across time and space scales. Issues include a more nuanced approach to selective transportation, responses to variability in surface and sub‐surface conditions and the need to analyse measurements in ways that can be transferred between sites and storms. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献